Colonial rule in Africa provoked a spectrum of resistance—from localized revolts against taxes and forced labor to large-scale rebellions and genocidal reprisals. These conflicts challenged European authority and forged early nationalist identities that would later drive independence movements. The Maji Maji Rebellion (1905–1907)

In German East Africa (modern Tanzania), oppressive colonial policies—especially forced cotton cultivation, heavy head taxes, and arbitrary labor demands—bred deep resentment among diverse ethnic groups. Governor Gustav Adolf von Götzen’s 1902 decree […]